ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have heightened the interest of the medical community in its application to health care in general, in particular to stroke, a medical emergency of great impact. In this rapidly evolving context, it is necessary to learn and understand the experience already accumulated by the medical and scientific community. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this scoping review was to explore the studies conducted in the last 10 years using NLP to assist the management of stroke emergencies so as to gain insight on the state of the art, its main contexts of application, and the software tools that are used. METHODS: Data were extracted from Scopus and Medline through PubMed, using the keywords "natural language processing" and "stroke." Primary research questions were related to the phases, contexts, and types of textual data used in the studies. Secondary research questions were related to the numerical and statistical methods and the software used to process the data. The extracted data were structured in tables and their relative frequencies were calculated. The relationships between categories were analyzed through multiple correspondence analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine papers were included in the review, with the majority being cohort studies of ischemic stroke published in the last 2 years. The majority of papers focused on the use of NLP to assist in the diagnostic phase, followed by the outcome prognosis, using text data from diagnostic reports and in many cases annotations on medical images. The most frequent approach was based on general machine learning techniques applied to the results of relatively simple NLP methods with the support of ontologies and standard vocabularies. Although smaller in number, there has been an increasing body of studies using deep learning techniques on numerical and vectorized representations of the texts obtained with more sophisticated NLP tools. CONCLUSIONS: Studies focused on NLP applied to stroke show specific trends that can be compared to the more general application of artificial intelligence to stroke. The purpose of using NLP is often to improve processes in a clinical context rather than to assist in the rehabilitation process. The state of the art in NLP is represented by deep learning architectures, among which Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers has been found to be especially widely used in the medical field in general, and for stroke in particular, with an increasing focus on the processing of annotations on medical images.
ABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos: La posturografía permite evaluar el control postural de un sujeto. En este estudio se presentan aquellos parámetros biomecánicos del sistema de posturografía empleado, que han resultado útiles para valorar funcionalmente los pacientes vestibulares de nuestra muestra. Material y métodos: De un total de 89 participantes, 59 eran sujetos sanos y 30 presentaban un trastorno vestibular periférico. Todos ellos realizaron un estudio posturográfico mediante el sistema NedSVE/IBV que combina pruebas estáticas (Romberg) y dinámicas (límites de estabilidad y control rítmico-direccional). Posteriormente se compararon las medidas halladas en uno y otro grupo. Resultados: Los sujetos normales presentaron menores oscilaciones que los enfermos en los distintos parámetros posturográficos estudiados (excepto en el ángulo de desplazamiento)de forma estadísticamente significativa. En la prueba de los límites de estabilidad, aunque los sujetos normales lograron desplazamientos máximos mayores que los enfermos, las diferencias halladas no fueron significativas. En la prueba de control rítmico y direccional, los sujetos normales presentaron resultados más favorables que los patológicos y las diferencias fueron significativas en 3 de los 4 parámetros estudiados: 1) habilidad anteroposterior, 2) habilidad mediolateral, y 3) control y eficacia anteroposterior. Conclusión: Los parámetros del sistema de posturografía estática empleado y la prueba de control rítmico y direccional resultaron de utilidad para discriminar entre los sujetos normales y patológicos de nuestra muestra (AU)
Introduction and objective: Posturography allows evaluating postural control. This study showed the posturographic parameters that were useful for assessing the functional ability to maintain balance in our sample of vestibular patients. Material and methods: Of a total of 89 patients, 59 were healthy subjects and 30 had a peripheral vestibular disorder. The subjects were studied using the posturographic NedSVE/IBV system, combining static (Romberg) and dynamic (stability limits and rhythmic weight shifts) tests. We then compared the measurements found in the groups. Results: Normal subjects showed significantly lower oscillations than our patients in all of the posturographic parameters studied (except the displacement angle). In testing the limits of stability, although normal subjects achieved maximum displacements greater than the subjects with the disorder, the differences found were not significant. In rhythmic weight shift tests, normal subjects showed more favourable results than did the vestibular patients, with significant differences in 3 of the 4 parameters studied: 1) anteroposterior ability, 2) mediolateral ability, and 3) anteroposterior control and efficiency. Conclusion: Rhythmic weight shift tests and the static posturography test parameters used were useful in discriminating among the normal and pathological subjects in this study (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Posture/physiology , Sensation Disorders/diagnosis , Vestibular Diseases/diagnosis , Vertigo/diagnosis , Patient Positioning/methods , Meniere Disease/diagnosis , Vestibular Neuronitis/diagnosisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Posturography allows evaluating postural control. This study showed the posturographic parameters that were useful for assessing the functional ability to maintain balance in our sample of vestibular patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of a total of 89 patients, 59 were healthy subjects and 30 had a peripheral vestibular disorder. The subjects were studied using the posturographic NedSVE/IBV system, combining static (Romberg) and dynamic (stability limits and rhythmic weight shifts) tests. We then compared the measurements found in the groups. RESULTS: Normal subjects showed significantly lower oscillations than our patients in all of the posturographic parameters studied (except the displacement angle). In testing the limits of stability, although normal subjects achieved maximum displacements greater than the subjects with the disorder, the differences found were not significant. In rhythmic weight shift tests, normal subjects showed more favourable results than did the vestibular patients, with significant differences in 3 of the 4 parameters studied: 1) anteroposterior ability, 2) mediolateral ability, and 3) anteroposterior control and efficiency. CONCLUSION: Rhythmic weight shift tests and the static posturography test parameters used were useful in discriminating among the normal and pathological subjects in this study.
